The Genomic. 

Genomics is a discipline in genetics concerned with the study of the genomes of organisms. The field includes efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scalegenetic mapping. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

GENE......

A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a polypeptide or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains.

Allele.....

An allele is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus .The form "allel" is also used, an abbreviation of allelomorph. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. However, many variations at the genetic level result in little or no observable variation.

Genotype and Phenotype....

Genotypy

The genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific character under consideration.For instance, the human CFTR gene, which encodes a protein that transports chloride ions across cell membranes, can be dominant (A) as the normal version of the gene, or recessive (a) as a mutated version of the gene.

Phenotype

A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics ortraits: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, phenology, behavior, and products of behavior. Phenotypes result from the expression of an organism's genes as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two.

Homozygous and Heterozygous....

Homozygous

A cell is said to be homozygous for a particular gene when identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes. The cell or organism in question is called a homozygote. True breeding organisms are always homozygous for the traits that are to be held constant.

Heterozygous

A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles of a gene. Heterozygous genotypes are represented by a capital letter and a lowercase letter , such as "Rr" or "Ss". The capital letter is usually written first.

 

Dominance and Recesive....

  

 Dominance

Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of a gene, in which one allele masks the expression (phenotype) of another allele at the same locus. In the simplest case, where a gene exists in two allelic forms, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: AA, AB, and BB. If AA and BB individuals (homozygotes) show different forms of the trait (phenotype), and AB individuals (heterozygotes) show the same phenotype as AA individuals, then allele A is said to dominateor be dominant to or show dominance to allele B, and B is said to be recessive to A. If instead AB has the same phenotype as BB, B is dominant to A.

   Diploid/Haploid

Most familiar animals and some plants have paired chromosomes, and are described as diploid. One chromosome of each pair is contributed by each parent: one by the female parent in her ovum, and one by the male parent in his sperm, which are joined at fertilization. The ovum and sperm cells have only one copy of each chromosome and are described as haploid. Production of haploid gametes occurs through a process called meiosis.

Recessive

                                                                   

In genetics, a recessive gene is an allele that causes a phenotype that is only seen in a homozygous genotype and never in a heterozygous genotype. Every person has two copies of every gene on autosomal chromosomes, one from mother and one from father. If a genetic trait is recessive, a person needs to inherit two copies of the gene for the trait to be expressed. Thus, both parents have to be carriers of a recessive trait in order for a child to express that trait. If both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance with each child to show the recessive trait. Thus if the parents are closely related the probability of both having inherited the same gene is increased and as a result the probability of the children showing the recessive trait is increased as well.

 Allosomal Recessive Gene

Allosomal recessive is a mode of inheritance of genetic traits located on the allosomes.

Examples include the gene for haemophilia which is carried on the X chromosome. Diseases carried on the Y chromosome cannot be recessive.

X chromosome diseases are recessive in females unless both of their X chromosomes have the gene. They are not recessive in males because males only have 1 X chromosome so there is not a non-diseased version of the gene to default to.

Autosomal Recessive Gene

Autosomal recessive or autorecessive is a mode of inheritance of genetic traits located on the autosomes (the 22 non-sex determining chromosomes).

DNA....

Is a nucleic acid containing the geneticinstructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes.

    STRUCTURE:

The DNA is made up by 2 Forces:

1. Hydrogen Bonds.
2. Conjugated Bonds

The four bases found in DNA are:

1. Adenine
2. Cytosine
3. Guanine
4. Thymine

       ADENINE:

Is a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and protein synthesis, as a chemical component of DNA and RNA.

       THYMINE:

 Is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA.
 Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. 

       CYTOSINE:

Is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine. 
It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached.



       GUANINE:

Is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine,cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine.


NOW FOR A SHORT BREAK YOU ARE GOING TO LISTEN AND REPEAT THE SONG ABOUT THE DNA.

RNA......

Is part of a group of molecules known as the nucleic acids, which are one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is made up of a long chain of components called nucleotides.

    STRUCTURE:

Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5'. A base is attached to the 1' position, in general, 

adenine,cytosine,guanine,or uracil.